Search Results (20435 CVEs found)

CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v3.1
CVE-2023-54195 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: rxrpc: Fix timeout of a call that hasn't yet been granted a channel afs_make_call() calls rxrpc_kernel_begin_call() to begin a call (which may get stalled in the background waiting for a connection to become available); it then calls rxrpc_kernel_set_max_life() to set the timeouts - but that starts the call timer so the call timer might then expire before we get a connection assigned - leading to the following oops if the call stalled: BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000000 ... CPU: 1 PID: 5111 Comm: krxrpcio/0 Not tainted 6.3.0-rc7-build3+ #701 RIP: 0010:rxrpc_alloc_txbuf+0xc0/0x157 ... Call Trace: <TASK> rxrpc_send_ACK+0x50/0x13b rxrpc_input_call_event+0x16a/0x67d rxrpc_io_thread+0x1b6/0x45f ? _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x1f/0x35 ? rxrpc_input_packet+0x519/0x519 kthread+0xe7/0xef ? kthread_complete_and_exit+0x1b/0x1b ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30 Fix this by noting the timeouts in struct rxrpc_call when the call is created. The timer will be started when the first packet is transmitted. It shouldn't be possible to trigger this directly from userspace through AF_RXRPC as sendmsg() will return EBUSY if the call is in the waiting-for-conn state if it dropped out of the wait due to a signal.
CVE-2023-54225 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: ipa: only reset hashed tables when supported Last year, the code that manages GSI channel transactions switched from using spinlock-protected linked lists to using indexes into the ring buffer used for a channel. Recently, Google reported seeing transaction reference count underflows occasionally during shutdown. Doug Anderson found a way to reproduce the issue reliably, and bisected the issue to the commit that eliminated the linked lists and the lock. The root cause was ultimately determined to be related to unused transactions being committed as part of the modem shutdown cleanup activity. Unused transactions are not normally expected (except in error cases). The modem uses some ranges of IPA-resident memory, and whenever it shuts down we zero those ranges. In ipa_filter_reset_table() a transaction is allocated to zero modem filter table entries. If hashing is not supported, hashed table memory should not be zeroed. But currently nothing prevents that, and the result is an unused transaction. Something similar occurs when we zero routing table entries for the modem. By preventing any attempt to clear hashed tables when hashing is not supported, the reference count underflow is avoided in this case. Note that there likely remains an issue with properly freeing unused transactions (if they occur due to errors). This patch addresses only the underflows that Google originally reported.
CVE-2023-54226 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: af_unix: Fix data races around sk->sk_shutdown. KCSAN found a data race around sk->sk_shutdown where unix_release_sock() and unix_shutdown() update it under unix_state_lock(), OTOH unix_poll() and unix_dgram_poll() read it locklessly. We need to annotate the writes and reads with WRITE_ONCE() and READ_ONCE(). BUG: KCSAN: data-race in unix_poll / unix_release_sock write to 0xffff88800d0f8aec of 1 bytes by task 264 on cpu 0: unix_release_sock+0x75c/0x910 net/unix/af_unix.c:631 unix_release+0x59/0x80 net/unix/af_unix.c:1042 __sock_release+0x7d/0x170 net/socket.c:653 sock_close+0x19/0x30 net/socket.c:1397 __fput+0x179/0x5e0 fs/file_table.c:321 ____fput+0x15/0x20 fs/file_table.c:349 task_work_run+0x116/0x1a0 kernel/task_work.c:179 resume_user_mode_work include/linux/resume_user_mode.h:49 [inline] exit_to_user_mode_loop kernel/entry/common.c:171 [inline] exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x174/0x180 kernel/entry/common.c:204 __syscall_exit_to_user_mode_work kernel/entry/common.c:286 [inline] syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x1a/0x30 kernel/entry/common.c:297 do_syscall_64+0x4b/0x90 arch/x86/entry/common.c:86 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc read to 0xffff88800d0f8aec of 1 bytes by task 222 on cpu 1: unix_poll+0xa3/0x2a0 net/unix/af_unix.c:3170 sock_poll+0xcf/0x2b0 net/socket.c:1385 vfs_poll include/linux/poll.h:88 [inline] ep_item_poll.isra.0+0x78/0xc0 fs/eventpoll.c:855 ep_send_events fs/eventpoll.c:1694 [inline] ep_poll fs/eventpoll.c:1823 [inline] do_epoll_wait+0x6c4/0xea0 fs/eventpoll.c:2258 __do_sys_epoll_wait fs/eventpoll.c:2270 [inline] __se_sys_epoll_wait fs/eventpoll.c:2265 [inline] __x64_sys_epoll_wait+0xcc/0x190 fs/eventpoll.c:2265 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline] do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc value changed: 0x00 -> 0x03 Reported by Kernel Concurrency Sanitizer on: CPU: 1 PID: 222 Comm: dbus-broker Not tainted 6.3.0-rc7-02330-gca6270c12e20 #2 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014
CVE-2023-54229 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: ath11k: fix registration of 6Ghz-only phy without the full channel range Because of what seems to be a typo, a 6Ghz-only phy for which the BDF does not allow the 7115Mhz channel will fail to register: WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 106 at net/wireless/core.c:907 wiphy_register+0x914/0x954 Modules linked in: ath11k_pci sbsa_gwdt CPU: 2 PID: 106 Comm: kworker/u8:5 Not tainted 6.3.0-rc7-next-20230418-00549-g1e096a17625a-dirty #9 Hardware name: Freebox V7R Board (DT) Workqueue: ath11k_qmi_driver_event ath11k_qmi_driver_event_work pstate: 60000005 (nZCv daif -PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--) pc : wiphy_register+0x914/0x954 lr : ieee80211_register_hw+0x67c/0xc10 sp : ffffff800b123aa0 x29: ffffff800b123aa0 x28: 0000000000000000 x27: 0000000000000000 x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000000000000006 x24: ffffffc008d51418 x23: ffffffc008cb0838 x22: ffffff80176c2460 x21: 0000000000000168 x20: ffffff80176c0000 x19: ffffff80176c03e0 x18: 0000000000000014 x17: 00000000cbef338c x16: 00000000d2a26f21 x15: 00000000ad6bb85f x14: 0000000000000020 x13: 0000000000000020 x12: 00000000ffffffbd x11: 0000000000000208 x10: 00000000fffffdf7 x9 : ffffffc009394718 x8 : ffffff80176c0528 x7 : 000000007fffffff x6 : 0000000000000006 x5 : 0000000000000005 x4 : ffffff800b304284 x3 : ffffff800b304284 x2 : ffffff800b304d98 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000000 Call trace: wiphy_register+0x914/0x954 ieee80211_register_hw+0x67c/0xc10 ath11k_mac_register+0x7c4/0xe10 ath11k_core_qmi_firmware_ready+0x1f4/0x570 ath11k_qmi_driver_event_work+0x198/0x590 process_one_work+0x1b8/0x328 worker_thread+0x6c/0x414 kthread+0x100/0x104 ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20 ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- ath11k_pci 0002:01:00.0: ieee80211 registration failed: -22 ath11k_pci 0002:01:00.0: failed register the radio with mac80211: -22 ath11k_pci 0002:01:00.0: failed to create pdev core: -22
CVE-2023-54232 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: m68k: Only force 030 bus error if PC not in exception table __get_kernel_nofault() does copy data in supervisor mode when forcing a task backtrace log through /proc/sysrq_trigger. This is expected cause a bus error exception on e.g. NULL pointer dereferencing when logging a kernel task has no workqueue associated. This bus error ought to be ignored. Our 030 bus error handler is ill equipped to deal with this: Whenever ssw indicates a kernel mode access on a data fault, we don't even attempt to handle the fault and instead always send a SEGV signal (or panic). As a result, the check for exception handling at the fault PC (buried in send_sig_fault() which gets called from do_page_fault() eventually) is never used. In contrast, both 040 and 060 access error handlers do not care whether a fault happened on supervisor mode access, and will call do_page_fault() on those, ultimately honoring the exception table. Add a check in bus_error030 to call do_page_fault() in case we do have an entry for the fault PC in our exception table. I had attempted a fix for this earlier in 2019 that did rely on testing pagefault_disabled() (see link below) to achieve the same thing, but this patch should be more generic. Tested on 030 Atari Falcon.
CVE-2023-53815 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: posix-timers: Prevent RT livelock in itimer_delete() itimer_delete() has a retry loop when the timer is concurrently expired. On non-RT kernels this just spin-waits until the timer callback has completed, except for posix CPU timers which have HAVE_POSIX_CPU_TIMERS_TASK_WORK enabled. In that case and on RT kernels the existing task could live lock when preempting the task which does the timer delivery. Replace spin_unlock() with an invocation of timer_wait_running() to handle it the same way as the other retry loops in the posix timer code.
CVE-2023-53854 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ASoC: mediatek: mt8186: Fix use-after-free in driver remove path When devm runs function in the "remove" path for a device it runs them in the reverse order. That means that if you have parts of your driver that aren't using devm or are using "roll your own" devm w/ devm_add_action_or_reset() you need to keep that in mind. The mt8186 audio driver didn't quite get this right. Specifically, in mt8186_init_clock() it called mt8186_audsys_clk_register() and then went on to call a bunch of other devm function. The caller of mt8186_init_clock() used devm_add_action_or_reset() to call mt8186_deinit_clock() but, because of the intervening devm functions, the order was wrong. Specifically at probe time, the order was: 1. mt8186_audsys_clk_register() 2. afe_priv->clk = devm_kcalloc(...) 3. afe_priv->clk[i] = devm_clk_get(...) At remove time, the order (which should have been 3, 2, 1) was: 1. mt8186_audsys_clk_unregister() 3. Free all of afe_priv->clk[i] 2. Free afe_priv->clk The above seemed to be causing a use-after-free. Luckily, it's easy to fix this by simply using devm more correctly. Let's move the devm_add_action_or_reset() to the right place. In addition to fixing the use-after-free, code inspection shows that this fixes a leak (missing call to mt8186_audsys_clk_unregister()) that would have happened if any of the syscon_regmap_lookup_by_phandle() calls in mt8186_init_clock() had failed.
CVE-2023-53849 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/msm: fix workqueue leak on bind errors Make sure to destroy the workqueue also in case of early errors during bind (e.g. a subcomponent failing to bind). Since commit c3b790ea07a1 ("drm: Manage drm_mode_config_init with drmm_") the mode config will be freed when the drm device is released also when using the legacy interface, but add an explicit cleanup for consistency and to facilitate backporting. Patchwork: https://patchwork.freedesktop.org/patch/525093/
CVE-2023-53852 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nvme-core: fix memory leak in dhchap_secret_store Free dhchap_secret in nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store() before we return fix following kmemleack:- unreferenced object 0xffff8886376ea800 (size 64): comm "check", pid 22048, jiffies 4344316705 (age 92.199s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 44 48 48 43 2d 31 3a 30 30 3a 6e 78 72 35 4b 67 DHHC-1:00:nxr5Kg 75 58 34 75 6f 41 78 73 4a 61 34 63 2f 68 75 4c uX4uoAxsJa4c/huL backtrace: [<0000000030ce5d4b>] __kmalloc+0x4b/0x130 [<000000009be1cdc1>] nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store+0x8f/0x160 [nvme_core] [<00000000ac06c96a>] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12b/0x1c0 [<00000000437e7ced>] vfs_write+0x2ba/0x3c0 [<00000000f9491baf>] ksys_write+0x5f/0xe0 [<000000001c46513d>] do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90 [<00000000ecf348fe>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc unreferenced object 0xffff8886376eaf00 (size 64): comm "check", pid 22048, jiffies 4344316736 (age 92.168s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 44 48 48 43 2d 31 3a 30 30 3a 6e 78 72 35 4b 67 DHHC-1:00:nxr5Kg 75 58 34 75 6f 41 78 73 4a 61 34 63 2f 68 75 4c uX4uoAxsJa4c/huL backtrace: [<0000000030ce5d4b>] __kmalloc+0x4b/0x130 [<000000009be1cdc1>] nvme_ctrl_dhchap_secret_store+0x8f/0x160 [nvme_core] [<00000000ac06c96a>] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x12b/0x1c0 [<00000000437e7ced>] vfs_write+0x2ba/0x3c0 [<00000000f9491baf>] ksys_write+0x5f/0xe0 [<000000001c46513d>] do_syscall_64+0x3b/0x90 [<00000000ecf348fe>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x72/0xdc
CVE-2023-53825 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kcm: Fix error handling for SOCK_DGRAM in kcm_sendmsg(). syzkaller found a memory leak in kcm_sendmsg(), and commit c821a88bd720 ("kcm: Fix memory leak in error path of kcm_sendmsg()") suppressed it by updating kcm_tx_msg(head)->last_skb if partial data is copied so that the following sendmsg() will resume from the skb. However, we cannot know how many bytes were copied when we get the error. Thus, we could mess up the MSG_MORE queue. When kcm_sendmsg() fails for SOCK_DGRAM, we should purge the queue as we do so for UDP by udp_flush_pending_frames(). Even without this change, when the error occurred, the following sendmsg() resumed from a wrong skb and the queue was messed up. However, we have yet to get such a report, and only syzkaller stumbled on it. So, this can be changed safely. Note this does not change SOCK_SEQPACKET behaviour.
CVE-2023-53826 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ubi: Fix UAF wear-leveling entry in eraseblk_count_seq_show() Wear-leveling entry could be freed in error path, which may be accessed again in eraseblk_count_seq_show(), for example: __erase_worker eraseblk_count_seq_show wl = ubi->lookuptbl[*block_number] if (wl) wl_entry_destroy ubi->lookuptbl[e->pnum] = NULL kmem_cache_free(ubi_wl_entry_slab, e) erase_count = wl->ec // UAF! Wear-leveling entry updating/accessing in ubi->lookuptbl should be protected by ubi->wl_lock, fix it by adding ubi->wl_lock to serialize wl entry accessing between wl_entry_destroy() and eraseblk_count_seq_show(). Fetch a reproducer in [Link].
CVE-2023-53832 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: md/raid10: fix null-ptr-deref in raid10_sync_request init_resync() inits mempool and sets conf->have_replacemnt at the beginning of sync, close_sync() frees the mempool when sync is completed. After [1] recovery might be skipped and init_resync() is called but close_sync() is not. null-ptr-deref occurs with r10bio->dev[i].repl_bio. The following is one way to reproduce the issue. 1) create a array, wait for resync to complete, mddev->recovery_cp is set to MaxSector. 2) recovery is woken and it is skipped. conf->have_replacement is set to 0 in init_resync(). close_sync() not called. 3) some io errors and rdev A is set to WantReplacement. 4) a new device is added and set to A's replacement. 5) recovery is woken, A have replacement, but conf->have_replacemnt is 0. r10bio->dev[i].repl_bio will not be alloced and null-ptr-deref occurs. Fix it by not calling init_resync() if recovery skipped. [1] commit 7e83ccbecd60 ("md/raid10: Allow skipping recovery when clean arrays are assembled")
CVE-2023-53833 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/i915: Fix NULL ptr deref by checking new_crtc_state intel_atomic_get_new_crtc_state can return NULL, unless crtc state wasn't obtained previously with intel_atomic_get_crtc_state, so we must check it for NULLness here, just as in many other places, where we can't guarantee that intel_atomic_get_crtc_state was called. We are currently getting NULL ptr deref because of that, so this fix was confirmed to help. (cherry picked from commit 1d5b09f8daf859247a1ea65b0d732a24d88980d8)
CVE-2023-53834 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: iio: adc: ina2xx: avoid NULL pointer dereference on OF device match The affected lines were resulting in a NULL pointer dereference on our platform because the device tree contained the following list of compatible strings: power-sensor@40 { compatible = "ti,ina232", "ti,ina231"; ... }; Since the driver doesn't declare a compatible string "ti,ina232", the OF matching succeeds on "ti,ina231". But the I2C device ID info is populated via the first compatible string, cf. modalias population in of_i2c_get_board_info(). Since there is no "ina232" entry in the legacy I2C device ID table either, the struct i2c_device_id *id pointer in the probe function is NULL. Fix this by using the already populated type variable instead, which points to the proper driver data. Since the name is also wanted, add a generic one to the ina2xx_config table.
CVE-2023-53840 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: usb: early: xhci-dbc: Fix a potential out-of-bound memory access If xdbc_bulk_write() fails, the values in 'buf' can be anything. So the string is not guaranteed to be NULL terminated when xdbc_trace() is called. Reserve an extra byte, which will be zeroed automatically because 'buf' is a static variable, in order to avoid troubles, should it happen.
CVE-2023-53842 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ASoC: codecs: wcd-mbhc-v2: fix resource leaks on component remove The MBHC resources must be released on component probe failure and removal so can not be tied to the lifetime of the component device. This is specifically needed to allow probe deferrals of the sound card which otherwise fails when reprobing the codec component: snd-sc8280xp sound: ASoC: failed to instantiate card -517 genirq: Flags mismatch irq 299. 00002001 (mbhc sw intr) vs. 00002001 (mbhc sw intr) wcd938x_codec audio-codec: Failed to request mbhc interrupts -16 wcd938x_codec audio-codec: mbhc initialization failed wcd938x_codec audio-codec: ASoC: error at snd_soc_component_probe on audio-codec: -16 snd-sc8280xp sound: ASoC: failed to instantiate card -16
CVE-2023-53845 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nilfs2: fix infinite loop in nilfs_mdt_get_block() If the disk image that nilfs2 mounts is corrupted and a virtual block address obtained by block lookup for a metadata file is invalid, nilfs_bmap_lookup_at_level() may return the same internal return code as -ENOENT, meaning the block does not exist in the metadata file. This duplication of return codes confuses nilfs_mdt_get_block(), causing it to read and create a metadata block indefinitely. In particular, if this happens to the inode metadata file, ifile, semaphore i_rwsem can be left held, causing task hangs in lock_mount. Fix this issue by making nilfs_bmap_lookup_at_level() treat virtual block address translation failures with -ENOENT as metadata corruption instead of returning the error code.
CVE-2023-53848 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: md/raid5-cache: fix a deadlock in r5l_exit_log() Commit b13015af94cf ("md/raid5-cache: Clear conf->log after finishing work") introduce a new problem: // caller hold reconfig_mutex r5l_exit_log flush_work(&log->disable_writeback_work) r5c_disable_writeback_async wait_event /* * conf->log is not NULL, and mddev_trylock() * will fail, wait_event() can never pass. */ conf->log = NULL Fix this problem by setting 'config->log' to NULL before wake_up() as it used to be, so that wait_event() from r5c_disable_writeback_async() can exist. In the meantime, move forward md_unregister_thread() so that null-ptr-deref this commit fixed can still be fixed.
CVE-2025-40209 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: fix memory leak of qgroup_list in btrfs_add_qgroup_relation When btrfs_add_qgroup_relation() is called with invalid qgroup levels (src >= dst), the function returns -EINVAL directly without freeing the preallocated qgroup_list structure passed by the caller. This causes a memory leak because the caller unconditionally sets the pointer to NULL after the call, preventing any cleanup. The issue occurs because the level validation check happens before the mutex is acquired and before any error handling path that would free the prealloc pointer. On this early return, the cleanup code at the 'out' label (which includes kfree(prealloc)) is never reached. In btrfs_ioctl_qgroup_assign(), the code pattern is: prealloc = kzalloc(sizeof(*prealloc), GFP_KERNEL); ret = btrfs_add_qgroup_relation(trans, sa->src, sa->dst, prealloc); prealloc = NULL; // Always set to NULL regardless of return value ... kfree(prealloc); // This becomes kfree(NULL), does nothing When the level check fails, 'prealloc' is never freed by either the callee or the caller, resulting in a 64-byte memory leak per failed operation. This can be triggered repeatedly by an unprivileged user with access to a writable btrfs mount, potentially exhausting kernel memory. Fix this by freeing prealloc before the early return, ensuring prealloc is always freed on all error paths.
CVE-2025-40341 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: futex: Don't leak robust_list pointer on exec race sys_get_robust_list() and compat_get_robust_list() use ptrace_may_access() to check if the calling task is allowed to access another task's robust_list pointer. This check is racy against a concurrent exec() in the target process. During exec(), a task may transition from a non-privileged binary to a privileged one (e.g., setuid binary) and its credentials/memory mappings may change. If get_robust_list() performs ptrace_may_access() before this transition, it may erroneously allow access to sensitive information after the target becomes privileged. A racy access allows an attacker to exploit a window during which ptrace_may_access() passes before a target process transitions to a privileged state via exec(). For example, consider a non-privileged task T that is about to execute a setuid-root binary. An attacker task A calls get_robust_list(T) while T is still unprivileged. Since ptrace_may_access() checks permissions based on current credentials, it succeeds. However, if T begins exec immediately afterwards, it becomes privileged and may change its memory mappings. Because get_robust_list() proceeds to access T->robust_list without synchronizing with exec() it may read user-space pointers from a now-privileged process. This violates the intended post-exec access restrictions and could expose sensitive memory addresses or be used as a primitive in a larger exploit chain. Consequently, the race can lead to unauthorized disclosure of information across privilege boundaries and poses a potential security risk. Take a read lock on signal->exec_update_lock prior to invoking ptrace_may_access() and accessing the robust_list/compat_robust_list. This ensures that the target task's exec state remains stable during the check, allowing for consistent and synchronized validation of credentials.